muscular & nervous system

Essay text:

Carries impulses and regulates reflexes. (2 types of nerve tissue) What are ways in which the brain and spinal cord are protected? Bone-hard over-top of the brain and spinal cord Meninges- membranes on surface of brain and spinal cord protect against rubbing Cerebrospinal fluid- surrounds brain and spinal cord and acts as shocks or cushions Peripheral Nervous System: takes information and sends it to the brain and spinal cord and back (31 pair of vertebrate nerves, 31 pair of spinal nerves, and 12 pair of cranial nerves) Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic- regulates activities we have control over such as moving, talking, running, and jumping Autonomatic- regulates activities we don't have control over such as digestion, breathing, and heart rate What is a reflex arc? -Path that an impulse will travel during a reflex 3 parts of the reflex arc: -Sensory neuron -Interneuron -Motor neuron -Ear Auricle- outside ear, channels sound waves into ear Auditory Canal- contains small hairs and wax producing glands (then sound waves go to eardrum) Eardrum- the beginning of the middle ear Malleus-tiny bone Incus- tiny bone, transfers sound from the outer ear to the inner ear Stapes- tiny bone, transfers sound from the outer ear to the inner ear Eustachian tube- mid ear, where yawn air comes in and out or swallow, also transfers sound from the outer ear to the inner ear Oval window- transmits the vibrations to the cochlea Cochlea- begins the inner ear, snail shaped cavity full of fluid Acoustic nerve- carries impulses from cochlea to brain where we hear Semicircular canals- 3 canals that lie at right angles, sense of balance Compare senses of taste and smell: Chemoreceptors detect taste and smell Olfactory receptors: detect smell Taste buds: detect taste with saliva (found on lips, roof of mouth, and tongue) 4 types of tastes: -Sour -Sweet -Salt -Bitter Cerumen: ear wax, prevents anything from getting into direct contact with eardrum, and also keeps eardrum soft and flexible Sound: Pitch: high or low a sound is Quality: a person's voice, unique to each others, (telling the difference) Loudness: loud or soft a sound is