Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

Essay text:

Thoughts on Learning "Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival." ? W. Edwards Demming "Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten." ? B.F. Skinner "I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it." ? Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning ? Classical conditioning ? Operant conditioning ? Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples ? Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palms ? Smell of mom's perfume: smiling ? Sight of certain restaurant: nausea ? Noise of a can opener: cat comes running ? Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning ? Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov's Observation ? Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1 ? Food (US): salivation (UR) ? Reflexive response ? Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2 ? CS is repeatedly paired with the US ? A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3 ? Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR ? Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response ? Avoidance learning ? Conditioned phobias ? Little Albert Classical Conditioning ? Extinction ? Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning ? Stimulus generalization ? Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioning ? Pair CS1 with a new CS2 ? CS2: CR ? But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied ? Drug overdoses ? Smoking: environmental cues ? Systematic desensitization ? Advertising: sex appeal ? Taste aversion ? Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning ? Classical Conditioning ? Operant Conditioning ? Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Examples ? Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums ? Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums ? Slot machine pays out: gamble more ? Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning ? Thorndike's puzzle box ? Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated ? Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles ? Stimulus-Response ? Reinforcement ? Positive reinforcement ? Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment ? Should be ? Swift ? Consistent ? Appropriately aversive ? Challenges ? Physical punishment may be imitated ? May fear the person who punishes ? Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement ? Primary reinforcers ? Secondary reinforcers ? Behavior modification ? Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement ? Generalization ? Discrimination ? Discriminative stimulus ? Extinction ? Spontaneous recovery Building Complex Behaviors ? Shaping ? Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior ? Used to train animals to do complex tricks Reinforcement Schedules ? Continuous reinforcement ? Partial reinforcement ? Fixed interval ? Variable interval ? Fixed ratio ? Variable ratio Reinforcement Schedules Classical versus Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning ? Learned association between US and CS ? Organism is passive ? Responses elicited Operant conditioning ? Associate response and reinforcement ? Organism is active ? Responses emitted Types of Learning ? Classical conditioning ? Operant conditioning ? Cognitive and social learning Cognitive Learning ? Latent learning ? Tolman's rats: cognitive maps Cognitive Learning ? Insight learning ? "Aha" experience Observational Learning ? Bandura's Bobo doll study