Absence of Evidence, or Evidence of Absence; A paper on Animal Consciousness

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Cognition is an animal's ability to make a decision by evaluating or processing current information based on some representation of prior experience (Kamil in Pepperberg 127). Some animal studies, such as Francine Patterson's study on Koko the gorilla, and Irene Pepperberg's study with Alex, an African gray parrot, have shown that some animals can be made to memorize symbols and their meanings, and then apply them to objects...
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Pepperberg's book, The Alex Studies, she taught the parrot to be able to recognize different objects by color, shape, and material. He was even able to eventually distinguish between concepts such as "bigger," "smaller," "same," "different," "over," and "under...
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